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Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals and a non‐essential element to all organisms, including plants; however, the genes involved in Cd resistance in plants remain poorly characterised.  To identify Cd resistance genes in rice, we screened a rice  cDNA  expression library treated with CdCl 2  using a yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) mutant  ycf1  strain ( DTY 167) and isolated two rice phytochelatin synthases ( Os PCS 5  and  Os PCS 15 ).  The genes were strongly induced by Cd treatment and conferred increased resistance to Cd when expressed in the  ycf1  mutant strain. In addition, the Cd concentration was twofold higher in yeast expressing  Os PCS 5  and  Os PCS 15  than in vector‐transformed yeast, and Os PCS 5 and Os PCS 15 localised in the cytoplasm.  Arabidopsis thaliana  plants overexpressing  Os PCS 5/‐15  paradoxically exhibited increased sensitivity to Cd, suggesting that overexpression of  Os PCS 5/‐15  resulted in toxicity due to excess phytochelatin production in  A. thaliana .  These data indicate that  Os PCS 5  and  Os PCS 15  are involved in Cd tolerance, which may be related to the relative abundances of phytochelatins synthesised by these phytochelatin synthases.

Functional characterisation of two phytochelatin synthases in rice ( Oryza sativa cv. Milyang 117) that respond to cadmium stress