A signet‐ring cell melanoma arising from a medium‐sized congenital melanocytic nevus in an adult: A case report and literature review

Patients with congenital nevus, especially giant congenital melanocytic nevus ( CMN ) measuring >20 cm, are known to be at elevated risk of developing melanomas, especially during the first and second decades of life. Melanomas rarely develop in patients with small and medium‐sized CMNs , but if they do, they occur during the fourth and fifth decades of life. We present a case of a rapidly enlarging signet‐ring cell melanoma (over 3 months) that arose from a medium‐sized CMN in a 57‐year‐old Japanese man. Only 11 other cases of signet‐ring cell melanomas at the primary site have been reported. On the basis of morphology alone, it is difficult to diagnose a nodule appearing in a CMN as a signet‐ring cell melanoma, because even a benign melanocytic nevus can appear as signet‐ring cell morphology. Moreover, a rapidly growing proliferative nodule ( PN ) more often develops in a CMN than melanoma; PNs may at times exhibit enough atypia to be comparable to melanomas. In our case, loss of p16 expression in the melanoma distinguished it from the nevus cells and was helpful in making the correct diagnosis. Clinical information, such as the patient's age, was also useful in establishing the diagnosis.