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Arginase and its mechanisms in Leishmania persistence
Author(s) -
Pessenda Gabriela,
Silva João Santana
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
parasite immunology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.795
H-Index - 75
eISSN - 1365-3024
pISSN - 0141-9838
DOI - 10.1111/pim.12722
Subject(s) - arginase , immunology , biology , immune system , leishmania , disease , leishmaniasis , leishmania major , asymptomatic , macrophage , parasite hosting , arginine , medicine , genetics , pathology , amino acid , world wide web , computer science , in vitro
Leishmaniasis is a neglected infectious disease with clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic or mild symptoms to chronic infection and eventual death. The mechanisms of disease susceptibility and pathology have been extensively studied, but there are no steadfast rules regarding leishmaniasis. A Th1 response is usually associated with infection control, while a predominant Th2 response is detrimental to the patient. In this scenario, the enzymes arginase and inducible nitric oxide synthase represent two possible pathways of immune response. While the former contributes to parasite replication, the latter is crucial for its control. In the present review, we collected study results that associate arginase expression in patients and in experimental models with disease susceptibility/chronicity and show some proposed mechanisms that explain the role of arginase in maintaining Leishmania infection, including polyamine and thiol synthesis, tissue‐resident macrophage (TRM) proliferation and activation and T‐cell suppression and exhaustion.