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Retracted: Leishmania infection activates host mTOR for its survival by M2 macrophage polarization
Author(s) -
Kumar Ajay,
Das Sushmita,
Mandal Abhishek,
Verma Sudha,
Abhishek Kumar,
Kumar Ashish,
Kumar Vinod,
Ghosh Ayan Kumar,
Das Pradeep
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
parasite immunology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.795
H-Index - 75
eISSN - 1365-3024
pISSN - 0141-9838
DOI - 10.1111/pim.12586
Subject(s) - biology , leishmania , macrophage polarization , leishmania donovani , macrophage , pi3k/akt/mtor pathway , immune system , leishmania major , m2 macrophage , innate immune system , immunology , microbiology and biotechnology , leishmaniasis , signal transduction , parasite hosting , visceral leishmaniasis , in vitro , biochemistry , world wide web , computer science
Summary Mammalian target of rapamycin (m TOR ) is a central regulator of growth and immunity of host cells. It's involvement in cancer and tuberculosis is well documented but least explored in Leishmania donovani invasion of host cells. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of mTOR in M2 macrophage polarization for Leishmania survival. We observed that Leishmania infection activated host m TOR pathway characterized by phosphorylation of m TOR , 70S6K and 4‐ EBP 1. Inhibition of m TOR resulted in decreased parasite load and percent infectivity. Moreover, Leishmania infection triggered cell proliferation as was evidenced by increased expression of cyclin A and p‐ RPS 6. m TOR activation during Leishmania infection resulted in reduced expression of M1 macrophage markers (eg, ROS , NO , iNOS , NOX ‐1, IL ‐12, IL ‐1β and TNF ‐α), and increased expression of M2 macrophage markers (eg, arginase‐1, IL ‐10, TGF ‐β, CD 206 and CD 163). Furthermore, we observed that in case of Leishmania infection, m TOR inhibition increased the translocation of NF ‐κB to nucleus and deactivation of STAT ‐3. Eventually, we observed that inhibition of M2 macrophage polarization reduced Leishmania survival inside macrophages. Therefore, our findings suggest that m TOR plays a crucial role in regulation of M2 macrophage polarization and direct the innate immune homeostasis towards parasite survival inside host.