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Looking beyond the induction of Th2 responses to explain immunomodulation by helminths
Author(s) -
Nutman T. B.
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
parasite immunology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.795
H-Index - 75
eISSN - 1365-3024
pISSN - 0141-9838
DOI - 10.1111/pim.12194
Subject(s) - immunology , biology , immune system , eosinophilia , helminths , immunoglobulin e , helminthiasis , peripheral blood mononuclear cell , antibody , in vitro , genetics
Summary Although helminth infections are characteristically associated with Th2‐mediated responses that include the production of the prototypical cytokines IL ‐4, IL ‐5 and IL ‐13 by CD 4 + cells, the production of IgE, peripheral blood eosinophilia and mucus production in localized sites, these responses are largely attenuated when helminth infections become less acute. This modulation of the immune response that occurs with chronic helminth infection is often induced by molecules secreted by helminth parasites, by non‐Th2 regulatory CD 4 + cells, and by nonclassical B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. This review will focus on those parasite‐ and host‐mediated mechanisms underlying the modulated T‐cell response that occurs as the default in chronic helminth infections.