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Summary  Early interferon‐gamma ( IFN ‐γ) release by innate cells is critical to direct type 1 immune response able to control intracellular pathogens like   T rypanosoma cruzi . Although  CD 56 bright  natural killer ( NK ) cells are reported to be potent early  IFN ‐γ producers, other  CD 56 +  cells like  CD 56 dim   NK  cells and  NK ‐like  T  cells have recently been shown to also release  IFN ‐γ. We have here studied the contribution of each  CD 56 +  lymphocyte populations in early  IFN ‐γ production in both adults and neonates. On this purpose, we analysed the kinetics of  IFN ‐γ production by  RT ‐ PCR ,  ELISA  and flow cytometry from 2 h onwards after   T . cruzi  and  IL ‐15 stimulation and sought for the responding  CD 56 +  cells.  CD 56 bright  and  CD 56 dim  CD 16 −   NK  cells were the more potent  IFN ‐γ early producers in response to  IL ‐15 and parasites in adults and neonates. In both age groups, the majority of  IFN ‐γ producing cells were  NK  cells. However, on the contrary to neonates,  CD 3 +  CD 56 +   NK ‐like  T  cells and  CD 3 +  CD 56 −  ‘classical’  T  cells also contributed to early  IFN ‐γ production in adults. Altogether, our results support that whereas  NK  cells responded almost similarly in neonates and adults, cord blood innate  CD 56 +  and  CD 56 −   T  cells displayed major quantitative and qualitative defects that could contribute to the well‐known neonatal immune immaturity.

parasite immunology

Differential  IFN ‐γ production by adult and neonatal blood  CD 56 +  natural killer ( NK ) and  NK ‐like‐ T  cells in response to   T rypanosoma cruzi  and  IL ‐15