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Ultraviolet Index and Location are Important Determinants of Vitamin D Status in People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Author(s) -
Klassen Karen M.,
Fairley Christopher K.,
Kimlin Michael G.,
Kelly Mark,
Read Tim R.H.,
Broom Jennifer,
Russell Darren B.,
Ebeling Peter R.
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
photochemistry and photobiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.818
H-Index - 131
eISSN - 1751-1097
pISSN - 0031-8655
DOI - 10.1111/php.12390
Subject(s) - vitamin d and neurology , odds ratio , medicine , logistic regression , vitamin d deficiency , gastroenterology , vitamin , body mass index , antiretroviral therapy , effect modification , human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) , immunology , confidence interval , viral load
This study aimed to document the vitamin D status of HIV‐infected individuals across a wide latitude range in one country and to examine associated risk factors for low vitamin D. Using data from patients attending four HIV specialist clinics across a wide latitude range in Australia, we constructed logistic regression models to investigate risk factors associated with 25(OH)D < 75 nmol L −1 . 1788 patients were included; 87% were male, 76% Caucasian and 72% on antiretroviral therapy. The proportion with 25(OH)D < 50 nmol L −1 was 27%, and <75 nmol L −1 was 54%. Living in Melbourne compared with Cairns (adjusted odds ratio ( aOR ) 3.30; 95% CI 2.18, 4.99, P < 0.001) and non‐Caucasian origin ( aOR 2.82, 95% CI 2.12, 3.75, P < 0.001) was associated with an increased risk, while extreme UV index compared with low UV index was associated with a reduced risk ( aOR 0.33; 95% CI 0.20, 0.55, P < 0.001) of 25(OH)D < 75 nmol L −1 . In those with biochemistry available ( n = 1117), antiretroviral therapy was associated with 25(OH)D < 75 nmol L −1 ; however, this association was modified by serum cholesterol status. Location and UV index were the strongest factors associated with 25(OH)D < 75 nmol L −1 . Cholesterol, the product of an alternative steroid pathway with a common precursor steroid, modified the effect of antiretroviral therapy on serum 25(OH)D.