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Why the Confucians had no concept of race (Part I): The antiessentialist cultural understanding of self
Author(s) -
Xiang Shuchen
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
philosophy compass
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.973
H-Index - 25
ISSN - 1747-9991
DOI - 10.1111/phc3.12628
Subject(s) - race (biology) , agency (philosophy) , hierarchy , sociology , epistemology , variation (astronomy) , social hierarchy , social psychology , psychology , philosophy , gender studies , anthropology , political science , law , physics , astrophysics
This paper argues that Confucianism had an antiessentialist conception of selfhood. This understanding of self means that they did not have, and could not have had, a concept of “race” in the sense that one's essence determines one's becoming. In the Confucian canon, the embodiment of cultural norms/performance of culturally appropriate actions defines one's human‐ness. This account of human agency in becoming human can be seen in the Confucian explanation of moral failure. This assumption of human agency also means that the Confucian understanding of hierarchy is social as opposed to ontological and that differences between peoples are understood to be a result of culture–custom variation.