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Prospects for primary prevention of type 1 diabetes by restoring a disappearing microbe
Author(s) -
Insel Richard,
Knip Mikael
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
pediatric diabetes
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.678
H-Index - 75
eISSN - 1399-5448
pISSN - 1399-543X
DOI - 10.1111/pedi.12756
Subject(s) - medicine , autoimmunity , bifidobacterium , immunology , type 1 diabetes , type 2 diabetes , bifidobacterium longum , incidence (geometry) , gut flora , diabetes mellitus , immune system , endocrinology , biology , bacteria , physics , optics , lactobacillus , genetics
Prevention of childhood‐onset type 1 diabetes has become more urgent with its marked increased incidence in recent decades in the modern world. Temporally associated with the rising incidence of type 1 diabetes, as well as other autoimmune and allergic diseases in childhood in modern times, is the disappearance of Bifidobacterium and specifically Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ( B. infantis ) predominance in the intestinal microbiota of breastfed, vaginally‐delivered infants. B. infantis efficiently metabolizes human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) without cross‐feeding free sugar monomers to other commensals or pathogens and thereby dominates the intestinal microbiota of breastfed infants. Increased levels of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA), which stimulate both immunoregulation and healthy intestinal and pancreatic β‐cell function, are generated by B. infantis . Based on recent observations of the intestinal microbiota in early life in young children who develop type 1 diabetes and demonstration of the robust preventive effects of SCFA in animal models of autoimmune diabetes, we hypothesize that restoring a B. infantis ‐dominant microbiota early in infancy will prevent islet autoimmunity and childhood‐onset type 1 diabetes.