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Kinematic performance of fine motor control in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The effects of comorbid developmental coordination disorder and core symptoms
Author(s) -
Lee IChing,
Chen YungJung,
Tsai ChinLiang
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
pediatrics international
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.49
H-Index - 63
eISSN - 1442-200X
pISSN - 1328-8067
DOI - 10.1111/ped.12010
Subject(s) - attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , typically developing , movement assessment , fluency , medicine , attention deficits , motor coordination , audiology , cognition , cognitive flexibility , motor disorder , flexibility (engineering) , motor control , motor skill , psychology , psychiatry , statistics , mathematics education , disease , mathematics , autism
Background The aims of this study were: (i) to determine whether differences exist in the fine motor fluency and flexibility of three groups (children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ ADHD ], children in whom ADHD is comorbid with developmental coordination disorder [ DCD ] [denoted as ADHD + DCD ], and a typically developing control group); and (ii) to clarify whether the degree of severity of core symptoms affects performance. Methods The P eabody P icture V ocabulary T est‐ R evised, the B eery– B uktenica D evelopment T est of V isual‐ M otor I ntegration and the M ovement A ssessment B attery for C hildren were used as prescreening tests. The I ntegrated V isual and A uditory+ P lus test was utilized to assess subjects' attention. The redesigned fine motor tracking and pursuit tasks were administered to evaluate subjects' fine motor performance. Results N o significant difference was found when comparing the performance of the C hildren with ADHD and the typically developing group. Significant differences existed between children in whom ADHD is comorbid with DCD and typically developing children. Conclusions Children with ADHD demonstrated proper fine motor fluency and flexibility, and deficient performance occurred when ADHD was comorbid with developmental coordination disorder. Children with ADHD had more difficulty implementing closed‐loop movements that required higher levels of cognitive processing than those of their typically developing peers. Also, deficits in fine motor control were more pronounced when ADHD was combined with movement coordination problems. The severity of core symptoms had a greater effect on children with ADHD's fine motor flexibility than did fluency performance. In children with pure ADHD , unsmooth movement performance was highly related to the severity of core symptoms.