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Altitudinal and climatic associations of seed dormancy and flowering traits evidence adaptation of annual life cycle timing in Arabidopsis thaliana
Author(s) -
Vidigal Deborah S.,
Marques Alexandre C. S. S.,
Willems Leo A. J.,
Buijs Gonda,
MéndezVigo Belén,
Hilhorst Henk W. M.,
Bentsink Leónie,
Picó F. Xavier,
AlonsoBlanco Carlos
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
plant, cell and environment
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.646
H-Index - 200
eISSN - 1365-3040
pISSN - 0140-7791
DOI - 10.1111/pce.12734
Subject(s) - dormancy , biology , germination , adaptation (eye) , arabidopsis thaliana , seed dormancy , annual plant , phenology , life history theory , altitude (triangle) , precipitation , arabidopsis , botany , life history , ecology , gene , geography , geometry , mathematics , neuroscience , mutant , meteorology , biochemistry
The temporal control or timing of the life cycle of annual plants is presumed to provide adaptive strategies to escape harsh environments for survival and reproduction. This is mainly determined by the timing of germination, which is controlled by the level of seed dormancy, and of flowering initiation. However, the environmental factors driving the evolution of plant life cycles remain largely unknown. To address this question we have analysed nine quantitative life history traits, in a native regional collection of 300 wild accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana . Seed dormancy and flowering time were negatively correlated, indicating that these traits have coevolved. In addition, environmental–phenotypic analyses detected strong altitudinal and climatic clines for most life history traits. Overall, accessions showing life cycles with early flowering, small seeds, high seed dormancy and slow germination rate were associated with locations exposed to high temperature, low summer precipitation and high radiation. Furthermore, we analysed the expression level of the positive regulator of seed dormancy DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 ( DOG1 ), finding similar but weaker altitudinal and climatic patterns than seed dormancy. Therefore, DOG1 regulatory mutations are likely to provide a quantitative molecular mechanism for the adaptation of A . thaliana life cycle to altitude and climate.