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Summary  Ramie is an important fibre‐producing crop in China; however, the genetic basis of its agronomic traits remains poorly understood. We produced a comprehensive map of genomic variation in ramie based on resequencing of 301 landraces and cultivars. Genetic analysis produced 129 signals significantly associated with six fibre yield‐related traits, and several genes were identified as candidate genes for respective traits. Furthermore, we found that natural variations in the promoter region of  Bnt14G019616  were associated with extremely low fibre abundance, providing the first evidence for the role of pectin methylesterase in fibre growth of plants. Additionally, nucleotide diversity analysis revealed that breeding selection has been markedly focussed on chromosome 9 in which ~ 39.6% sequence underwent selection, where one gibberellin‐signalling‐repressed DELLA gene showed distinct selection signatures in the cultivars. This study provides insights into the genetic architecture and breeding history of fibre yield traits in ramie. Moreover, the identification of fibre yield‐related genetic loci and large‐scale genomic variation represent valuable resources for genomics‐assisted breeding of this crop.

Resequencing of 301 ramie accessions identifies genetic loci and breeding selection for fibre yield traits