Genetic improvement of the shoot architecture and yield in soya bean plants via the manipulation of GmmiR156b

Summary The optimization of plant architecture in order to breed high‐yielding soya bean cultivars is a goal of researchers. Tall plants bearing many long branches are desired, but only modest success in reaching these goals has been achieved. Micro RNA 156 ( miR156 ) ‐ SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN ‐ LIKE ( SPL ) gene modules play pivotal roles in controlling shoot architecture and other traits in crops like rice and wheat. However, the effects of miR156 ‐ SPL modules on soya bean architecture and yield, and the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, remain largely unknown. In this study, we achieved substantial improvements in soya bean architecture and yield by overexpressing GmmiR156b . Transgenic plants produced significantly increased numbers of long branches, nodes and pods, and they exhibited an increased 100‐seed weight, resulting in a 46%–63% increase in yield per plant. Intriguingly, GmmiR156b overexpression had no significant impact on plant height in a growth room or under field conditions; however, it increased stem thickness significantly. Our data indicate that GmmiR156b modulates these traits mainly via the direct cleavage of SPL transcripts. Moreover, we found that Gm SPL 9d is expressed in the shoot apical meristem and axillary meristems ( AM s) of soya bean, and that Gm SPL 9d may regulate axillary bud formation and branching by physically interacting with the homeobox gene WUSCHEL ( WUS ), a central regulator of AM formation. Together, our results identify GmmiR156b as a promising target for the improvement of soya bean plant architecture and yields, and they reveal a new and conserved regulatory cascade involving miR156 ‐ SPL ‐ WUS that will help researchers decipher the genetic basis of plant architecture.