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Circulating and tissue biomarkers as predictors of bromine gas inhalation
Author(s) -
Juncos Juan Xavier Masjoan,
Shakil Shazia,
Ahmad Aamir,
Aishah Duha,
Morgan Charity J.,
Dell'Italia Louis J.,
Ford David A.,
Ahmad Aftab,
Ahmad Shama
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
annals of the new york academy of sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.712
H-Index - 248
eISSN - 1749-6632
pISSN - 0077-8923
DOI - 10.1111/nyas.14422
Subject(s) - bronchoalveolar lavage , inhalation , medicine , lung , troponin i , anesthesia , myocardial infarction
The threat from deliberate or accidental exposure to halogen gases is increasing, as is their industrial applications and use as chemical warfare agents. Biomarkers that can identify halogen exposure, diagnose victims of exposure or predict injury severity, and enable appropriate treatment are lacking. We conducted these studies to determine and validate biomarkers of bromine (Br 2 ) toxicity and correlate the symptoms and the extent of cardiopulmonary injuries. Unanesthetized rats were exposed to Br 2 and monitored noninvasively for clinical scores and pulse oximetry. Animals were euthanized and grouped at various time intervals to assess brominated fatty acid (BFA) content in the plasma, lung, and heart using mass spectrometry. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein content was used to assess pulmonary injury. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) was assessed in the plasma to evaluate cardiac injury. The blood, lung, and cardiac tissue BFA content significantly correlated with the clinical scores, tissue oxygenation, heart rate, and cardiopulmonary injury parameters. Total (free + esterified) bromostearic acid levels correlated with lung injury, as indicated by BALF protein content, and free bromostearic acid levels correlated with plasma cTnI levels. Thus, BFAs and cardiac injury biomarkers can identify Br 2 exposure and predict the severity of organ damage.