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Diapocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, counteracts diisopropylfluorophosphate‐induced long‐term neurotoxicity in the rat model
Author(s) -
Putra Marson,
Gage Meghan,
Sharma Shaunik,
Gardner Cara,
Gasser Grace,
Anantharam Vellareddy,
Thippeswamy Thimmasettappa
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
annals of the new york academy of sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.712
H-Index - 248
eISSN - 1749-6632
pISSN - 0077-8923
DOI - 10.1111/nyas.14314
Subject(s) - neurotoxicity , neuroinflammation , neuroprotection , oxidative stress , pharmacology , neurodegeneration , nadph oxidase , astrogliosis , acetylcholinesterase , chemistry , proinflammatory cytokine , status epilepticus , medicine , endocrinology , inflammation , epilepsy , toxicity , central nervous system , biochemistry , disease , psychiatry , enzyme
Abstract Organophosphate (OP) nerve agents are a threat to both the military and civilians. OP exposure causes cholinergic crisis and status epilepticus (SE) because of irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase that can be life‐threatening if left untreated. OP survivors develop long‐term morbidity, such as cognitive impairment and motor dysfunction, because of oxidative stress and progressive neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, which act as disease promoters. Current medical countermeasures (MCMs) do not mitigate these pathologies. Therefore, our goal was to target these disease promoters using diapocynin (DPO), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, in addition to MCMs, in a rat diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) model. The DFP‐intoxicated rats were treated with DPO (300 mg/kg, oral, six doses, 12‐h intervals) or vehicle 2 h following behavioral SE termination with diazepam. The DPO treatment significantly rescued DFP‐induced motor impairment and attenuated epileptiform spiking during the first 72 h after DFP exposure in severely seizing rats despite no difference in epileptiform spike rate between the vehicle and DPO groups in mild SE rats. DPO significantly reduced DFP‐induced reactive astrogliosis, neurodegeneration, GP91 phox , glutathiolated protein, serum nitrite, and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukins (ILs) IL‐1α, IL‐6, IL‐2, IL‐17A, leptin, and IP‐10, in the hippocampus. Collectively, these data support a neuroprotective role of DPO in an OP‐induced neurotoxicity model.