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Inflammation in psychiatric disorders: what comes first?
Author(s) -
Bauer Moisés E.,
Teixeira Antonio L.
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
annals of the new york academy of sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.712
H-Index - 248
eISSN - 1749-6632
pISSN - 0077-8923
DOI - 10.1111/nyas.13712
Subject(s) - inflammation , proinflammatory cytokine , mood disorders , schizophrenia (object oriented programming) , depression (economics) , excitotoxicity , medicine , mood , major depressive disorder , glutamate receptor , neuroscience , psychiatry , psychology , immunology , anxiety , receptor , economics , macroeconomics
Neuropsychiatric disorders (i.e., mood disorders and schizophrenia) and inflammation are closely intertwined, and possibly powering each other in a bidirectional loop. Depression facilitates inflammatory reactions and inflammation promotes depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Patients with neuropsychiatric disorders exhibit all cardinal features of inflammation, including increased circulating levels of inflammatory inducers, activated sensors, and inflammatory mediators targeting all tissues. Inflammation may contribute to the pathophysiology and clinical progression of these disorders. Of note, proinflammatory cytokines modulate mood behavior and cognition by reducing brain monoamine levels, activating neuroendocrine responses, promoting excitotoxicity (increased glutamate levels), and impairing brain plasticity. What are the sources of this chronic inflammation? Increasing evidence indicates that changes in neuroendocrine regulation, metabolism, diet/microbiota, and negative health behaviors are important triggers of inflammation. Finally, recent data indicate that early‐life stress is associated with overt inflammation prior to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders.