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Postaxial limb hypoplasia (PALH): the classification, clinical features, and related developmental biology
Author(s) -
Zhang Zeng,
Yi Dan,
Xie Rong,
Hamilton John L.,
Kang QingLin,
Chen Di
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
annals of the new york academy of sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.712
H-Index - 248
eISSN - 1749-6632
pISSN - 0077-8923
DOI - 10.1111/nyas.13440
Subject(s) - hypoplasia , etiology , developmental biology , lower limb , limb development , medicine , anatomy , biology , pathology , surgery , genetics , gene
Postaxial limb hypoplasia (PALH) is a group of nonhereditary diseases with congenital lower limb deficiency affecting the fibular ray, including fibular hemimelia, proximal femoral focal deficiency, and tarsal coalition. The etiology and the developmental biology of the anomaly are still not fully understood. Here, we review the previous classification systems, present the clinical features, and discuss the developmental biology of PALH.