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Mustard vesicating agent–induced toxicity in the skin tissue and silibinin as a potential countermeasure
Author(s) -
TewariSingh Neera,
Agarwal Rajesh
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
annals of the new york academy of sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.712
H-Index - 248
eISSN - 1749-6632
pISSN - 0077-8923
DOI - 10.1111/nyas.13099
Subject(s) - sulfur mustard , silibinin , desquamation , pharmacology , toxicity , nitrogen mustard , erythema , medicine , toxicology , dermatology , chemistry , surgery , biology , cyclophosphamide , chemotherapy
Exposure to the vesicating agents sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM) causes severe skin injury with delayed blistering. Depending upon the dose and time of their exposure, edema and erythema develop into blisters, ulceration, necrosis, desquamation, and pigmentation changes, which persist weeks and even years after exposure. Research advances have generated data that have started to explain the probable mechanism of action of vesicant‐induced skin toxicity; however, despite these advances, effective and targeted therapies are still deficient. This review highlights studies on two SM analogs, 2‐chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) and NM, and CEES‐ and NM‐induced skin injury mouse models that have substantially added to the knowledge on the complex pathways involved in mustard vesicating agent–induced skin injury. Furthermore, employing these mouse models, studies under the National Institutes of Health Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats program have identified the flavanone silibinin as a novel therapeutic intervention with the potential to be developed as an effective countermeasure against skin injury following exposure to mustard vesicating agents.