Chlorine‐induced cardiopulmonary injury

Chlorine (Cl 2 ) is utilized worldwide for a diverse range of industrial applications, including pulp bleaching, sanitation, and pharmaceutical development. Though Cl 2 has widespread use, little is known regarding the mechanisms of toxicity associated with Cl 2 exposure, which occurs during industrial accidents or acts of terrorism. Previous instances of Cl 2 exposure have led to reported episodes of respiratory distress that result in high morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, studies suggest that acute Cl 2 exposure also results in systemic vascular injury and subsequent myocardial contractile dysfunction. Here, we review both lung and cardiac pathology associated with acute Cl 2 inhalation and discuss recently published data that suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction underlies the pathogenesis of Cl 2 ‐induced toxicity. Last, we discuss our findings that suggest that upregulation of autophagy protects against Cl 2 ‐induced lung inflammation and can be a potential therapeutic target for ameliorating the toxic effects of Cl 2 exposure.