Premium
Global diversity and distribution of three necrotrophic effectors in Phaeosphaeria nodorum and related species
Author(s) -
McDonald Megan C.,
Oliver Richard P.,
Friesen Timothy L.,
Brunner Patrick C.,
McDonald Bruce A.
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
new phytologist
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.742
H-Index - 244
eISSN - 1469-8137
pISSN - 0028-646X
DOI - 10.1111/nph.12257
Subject(s) - biology , locus (genetics) , effector , genetics , population , phylogenetic tree , coalescent theory , genetic diversity , hybrid , evolutionary biology , botany , gene , demography , sociology , microbiology and biotechnology
Summary Population genetic and phylogenetic studies have shown that Phaeosphaeria nodorum is a member of a species complex that probably shares its center of origin with wheat ( Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum ). We examined the evolutionary histories of three known necrotrophic effectors ( NE s) produced by P. nodorum and compared them with neutral loci. We screened over 1000 individuals for the presence/absence of each effector and assigned each individual to a multi‐effector genotype. Diversity at each NE locus was assessed by sequencing c . 200 individuals for each locus. We found significant differences in effector frequency among populations. We propose that these differences reflect the presence/absence of the corresponding susceptibility gene in wheat cultivars. The population harboring the highest sequence diversity was different for each effector locus and never coincided with populations harboring the highest diversity at neutral loci. Coalescent and phylogenetic analyses showed a discontinuous presence of all three NE s among nine closely related Phaeosphaeria species. Only two of the nine species were found to harbor NE s. We present evidence that the three described NE s of P. nodorum were transmitted to its sister species, Phaeosphaeria avenaria tritici 1 , via interspecific hybridization.