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From diamonds to black stone; myth to reality: Acute kidney injury with paraphenylene diamine poisoning
Author(s) -
Naqvi Rubina,
Akhtar Fazal,
Farooq Uzma,
Ashraf Sumaira,
Rizvi Syed Adibul Hasan
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
nephrology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.752
H-Index - 61
eISSN - 1440-1797
pISSN - 1320-5358
DOI - 10.1111/nep.12534
Subject(s) - medicine , rhabdomyolysis , acute kidney injury , creatinine , rifle , lactate dehydrogenase , myoglobinuria , population , biochemistry , chemistry , environmental health , archaeology , history , enzyme
Aim We report here, a case series of patients with acute kidney injury ( AKI ) after ingestion of paraphenylene diamine ( PPD ) a derivative of analine. It is used as a colouring agent to dye hair, fur and plastic and in photographic films. Methods Subjects for the study reported here comprised a cohort of 100 patients coming to this institution with AKI following PPD poisoning. AKI was defined according to RIFLE criteria and PPD poisoning on the basis of history and presenting features. All patients had normal sized kidneys on ultrasonography and no previous co‐ morbidity. Results One hundred patients with AKI after PPD exposure were brought to this institute between M ay 2010 and F ebruary 2015. Among these, 56 were females, with mean age of 23.11 ± 7.94 years. Cause of AKI was toxic rhabdomyolysis as indicated by marked rise in muscle enzymes with mean lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine phosphokinase levels of 6665.22 ± 6272.04 and 194 486.66 ± 301 905.80, respectively. Hepatotoxicity with raised aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase was a main feature of the studied population. Renal replacement was required in 97% of patients. Complete renal recovery was observed in 77 patients, while 16 died during the acute phase of illness. Respiratory failure and recurrent hyperkalaemia were the main causes of mortality. Conclusion Easy availability and low cost of PPD has lead to a remarkable increase in the use of this substance, especially for suicidal purposes. Awareness of its effects among health professionals, as well as at a societal and government level, is needed at this time.