CsrD regulates amylovoran biosynthesis and virulence in Erwinia amylovora in a novel cyclic‐di‐GMP dependent manner

Erwinia amylovora is an economically devastating plant pathogen that causes fire blight disease in members of the Rosaceae family, most notably in apple and pear. The exopolysaccharide amylovoran is a pathogenicity determinant in E .  amylovora and a major component of the extracellular matrix of biofilms formed within the xylem vasculature of the host plant. The second messenger cyclic‐di‐GMP (c‐di‐GMP) has been reported to positively regulate the transcription of amsG (the first gene in the 12‐gene amylovoran [ ams ] biosynthetic operon), thus impacting amylovoran production. However, the regulatory mechanism by which this interaction occurs is largely unknown. Here, we report that c‐di‐GMP can bind to specific residues in the EAL domain of the E .  amylovora protein CsrD. CsrD and RNase E regulate the degradation of the sRNA CsrB in E .  amylovora . When CsrD is bound to c‐di‐GMP, there is an enhancement in the level of RNase E‐mediated degradation of CsrB, which then alters amsG transcription. Additionally, csrD was also found to positively contribute to virulence and biofilm formation. We thus present a pathway of conditional regulation of amylovoran production mediated by changing intracellular levels of c‐di‐GMP, which impacts disease progression.