Involvement of ralfuranones in the quorum sensing signalling pathway and virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum strain OE1‐1

Summary The soil‐borne, plant‐pathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum strain OE1‐1 produces and secretes methyl 3‐hydroxymyristate (3‐OH MAME) as a quorum sensing (QS) signal, which contributes to its virulence. A global virulence regulator, PhcA, functioning through the QS system, positively regulates the expression of ralA , which encodes furanone synthase, to produce aryl‐furanone secondary metabolites, ralfuranones. A ralfuranone‐deficient mutant (Δ ralA ) is weakly virulent when directly inoculated into tomato xylem vessels. To investigate the functions of ralfuranones, we analysed R. solanacearum transcriptome data generated by RNA sequencing technology. Δ ralA expressed phcB , which is associated with 3‐OH MAME production, and phcA at levels similar to those in strain OE1‐1. In addition, Δ ralA exhibited down‐regulated expression of more than 90% of the QS positively regulated genes, and up‐regulated expression of more than 75% of the QS negatively regulated genes. These results suggest that ralfuranones affect the QS feedback loop. Ralfuranone supplementation restored the ability of Δ ralA cells to aggregate. In addition, ralfuranones A and B restored the swimming motility of Δ ralA to wild‐type levels. However, the application of exogenous ralfuranones did not affect the production of the major exopolysaccharide, EPS I, in Δ ralA . Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction assays revealed that the deletion of ralA results in the down‐regulated expression of vsrAD and vsrBC , which encode a sensor kinase and a response regulator, respectively, in the two‐component regulatory systems that influence EPS I production. The application of ralfuranone B restored the expression of these two genes. Overall, our findings indicate that integrated signalling via ralfuranones influences the QS and virulence of R. solanacearum .