Differential regulation of toxoflavin production and its role in the enhanced virulence of Burkholderia gladioli

Summary B urkholderia gladioli is a causal agent of bacterial panicle blight and sheath/grain browning in rice in many countries. Many strains produce the yellow pigment toxoflavin, which is highly toxic to plants, fungi, animals and microorganisms. Although there have been several studies on the toxoflavin biosynthesis system of B . glumae , it is still unclear how B . gladioli activates toxoflavin biosynthesis. In this study, we explored the genomic organization of the toxoflavin system of B . gladioli and its biological functions using comparative genomic analysis between toxoflavin‐producing strains ( B . glumae   BGR1 and B . gladioli   BSR3 ) and a strain not producing toxoflavin ( B . gladioli   KACC11889 ). The latter exhibits normal physiological characteristics similar to other B . gladioli strains. B urkholderia gladioli   KACC11889 possesses all the genes involved in toxoflavin biosynthesis, but lacks the quorum‐sensing ( QS ) system that functions as an on/off switch for toxoflavin biosynthesis. These data suggest that B . gladioli has evolved to use the QS signalling cascade of toxoflavin production ( TofI / TofR of QS → ToxJ or ToxR → tox operons) similar to that in B . glumae . However, some strains may have evolved to eliminate toxoflavin production through deletion of the QS genes. In addition, we demonstrate that the toxoflavin biosynthetic system enhances the virulence of B . gladioli . These findings provide another line of evidence supporting the differential regulation of the toxoflavin system in B urkholderia strains.