Open AccessBacterial spot of tomato and pepper: diverse X anthomonas species with a wide variety of virulence factors posing a worldwide challenge
Author(s) -
Potnis Neha,
Timilsina Sujan,
Strayer Amanda,
Shantharaj Deepak,
Barak Jeri D.,
Paret Mathews L.,
Vallad Gary E.,
Jones Jeffrey B.
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
molecular plant pathology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.945
H-Index - 103
eISSN - 1364-3703
pISSN - 1464-6722
DOI - 10.1111/mpp.12244
Subject(s) - biology , xanthomonas , pepper , solanum , virulence , pathogen , solanaceae , plant disease resistance , microbiology and biotechnology , botany , bacteria , horticulture , genetics , gene
Summary Taxonomic status Bacteria; Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Gammaproteobacteria; Order Xanthomonadales; Family Xanthomonadaceae; Genus X anthomonas ; Species Xanthomonas euvesicatoria , X anthomonas vesicatoria , X anthomonas perforans and X anthomonas gardneri . Microbiological properties Gram‐negative, rod‐shaped bacterium, aerobic, motile, single polar flagellum. Host range Causes bacterial spot disease on plants belonging to the Solanaceae family, primarily tomato ( S olanum lycopersicum ), pepper ( C apsicum annuum ) and chilli peppers ( C apsicum frutescens ). Disease symptoms Necrotic lesions on all above‐ground plant parts. Distribution Worldwide distribution of X . euvesicatoria and X . vesicatoria on tomato and pepper; X . perforans and X. gardneri increasingly being isolated from the USA , C anada, S outh A merica, A frica and E urope. A wide diversity within the bacterial spot disease complex, with an ability to cause disease at different temperatures, makes this pathogen group a worldwide threat to tomato and pepper production. Recent advances in genome analyses have revealed the evolution of the pathogen with a plethora of novel virulence factors. Current management strategies rely on the use of various chemical control strategies and sanitary measures to minimize pathogen spread through contaminated seed. Chemical control strategies have been a challenge because of resistance by the pathogen. Breeding programmes have been successful in developing commercial lines with hypersensitive and quantitative resistance. However, durability of resistance has been elusive. Recently, a transgenic approach has resulted in the development of tomato genotypes with significant levels of resistance and improved yield that hold promise. In this article, we discuss the current taxonomic status, distribution of the four species, knowledge of virulence factors, detection methods and strategies for disease control with possible directions for future research.