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Early presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Mexico with a contemporary dominance of the global panzootic lineage
Author(s) -
Basanta M. Delia,
Byrne Allison Q.,
Rosenblum Erica Bree,
PioviaScott Jonah,
ParraOlea Gabriela
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
molecular ecology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.619
H-Index - 225
eISSN - 1365-294X
pISSN - 0962-1083
DOI - 10.1111/mec.15733
Subject(s) - chytridiomycosis , biology , epizootic , amphibian , ecology , dominance (genetics) , chytridiomycota , genetic diversity , zoology , population , demography , outbreak , ascomycota , biochemistry , virology , sociology , gene
Abstract Chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ), is a devastating infectious disease of amphibians. Retrospective studies using museum vouchers and genetic samples supported the hypothesis that Bd colonized Mexico from North America and then continued to spread into Central and South America, where it led to dramatic losses in tropical amphibian biodiversity (the epizootic wave hypothesis). While these studies suggest that Bd has been in Mexico since the 1970s, information regarding the historical and contemporary occurrence of different pathogen genetic lineages across the country is limited. In the current study, we investigated the historical and contemporary patterns of Bd in Mexico. We combined the swabbing of historical museum vouchers and sampling of wild amphibians with a custom Bd genotyping assay to assess the presence, prevalence, and genetic diversity of Bd over time in Mexico. We found Bd ‐positive museum specimens from the late 1800s, far earlier than previous records and well before recent amphibian declines. With Bd genotypes from samples collected between 1975–2019, we observed a contemporary dominance of the global panzootic lineage in Mexico and report four genetic subpopulations and potential for admixture among these populations. The observed genetic variation did not have a clear geographic signature or provide clear support for the epizootic wave hypothesis. These results provide a framework for testing new questions regarding Bd invasions and their temporal relationship to observed amphibian declines in the Americas.