A harvest of weeds yields insight into a case of contemporary evolution

When Charles Darwin was exploring the idea of evolution via natural selection, he looked to domesticated species, with the opening chapter of The Origin of Species titled ‘Variation Under Domestication’ (Darwin [Darwin C, 1859]). Domesticated species such as crops are a great example of artificial selection, which Darwin realized was analogous to natural selection. But growing among those carefully selected crop varieties are the unwelcome and unwanted plants we call weeds. Despite the importance of weeds and long‐standing interest in their evolution (Baker [Baker HG, 1974]), we still know little about how agricultural weeds evolve, and we often fail to take evolution into account when attempting to manage them (Neve et al . [Neve P, 2009]). Agricultural weeds are subjected to the unique conditions of farm fields, such as frequent soil disturbance and the addition of water and nutrients. They are also confronted with aggressive attempts at their removal via herbicides and mechanical means. As such, they are under intense demographic and selective pressure and can potentially rapidly evolve in response. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Kuester and co‐authors make a rare attempt to understand contemporary evolution in an agricultural weed (Kuester et al . [Kuester A, 2016]). They do so using the powerful resurrection approach of comparing ancestors and descendants under common conditions (Franks et al . [Franks SJ, 2008]). They sampled multiple populations of the weedy plant Ipomoea purpurea at two points in time. A comparison of these greenhouse‐grown ancestor and descendent populations showed that, over time, populations had lost significant levels of neutral genetic diversity, consistent with genetic bottlenecks. The authors also found a slight increase, on average, of resistance to the herbicide glyphosate, which is the active ingredient in Roundup ® . This work is one of a growing number of studies demonstrating rapid evolution in natural populations (Thompson [Thompson JN, 2013]) and also reveals evidence of both selection and drift in populations of an agricultural weed.