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Postglacial climate changes and rise of three ecotypes of harbour porpoises, P hocoena phocoena , in western P alearctic waters
Author(s) -
Fontaine Michaël C.,
Roland Kathleen,
Calves Isabelle,
Austerlitz Frederic,
Palstra Friso P.,
Tolley Krystal A.,
Ryan Sean,
Ferreira Marisa,
Jauniaux Thierry,
Llavona Angela,
Öztürk Bayram,
Öztürk Ayaka A.,
Ridoux Vincent,
Rogan Emer,
Sequeira Marina,
Siebert Ursula,
Vikingsson Gísli A.,
Borrell Asunción,
Michaux Johan R.,
Aguilar Alex
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
molecular ecology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.619
H-Index - 225
eISSN - 1365-294X
pISSN - 0962-1083
DOI - 10.1111/mec.12817
Subject(s) - ecotype , biology , allopatric speciation , porpoise , ecology , glacial period , range (aeronautics) , last glacial maximum , gene flow , phylogeography , genetic variation , phylogenetics , paleontology , population , gene , materials science , demography , harbour , sociology , computer science , composite material , programming language , biochemistry
Abstract Despite no obvious barriers to gene flow in the marine realm, environmental variation and ecological specializations can lead to genetic differentiation in highly mobile predators. Here, we investigated the genetic structure of the harbour porpoise over the entire species distribution range in western Palearctic waters. Combined analyses of 10 microsatellite loci and a 5085 base‐pair portion of the mitochondrial genome revealed the existence of three ecotypes, equally divergent at the mitochondrial genome, distributed in the Black Sea ( BS ), the European continental shelf waters, and a previously overlooked ecotype in the upwelling zones of Iberia and Mauritania. Historical demographic inferences using approximate Bayesian computation ( ABC ) suggest that these ecotypes diverged during the last glacial maximum ( c. 23–19 kilo‐years ago, kyr bp ). ABC supports the hypothesis that the BS and upwelling ecotypes share a more recent common ancestor ( c. 14 kyr bp ) than either does with the European continental shelf ecotype ( c. 28 kyr bp ), suggesting they probably descended from the extinct populations that once inhabited the Mediterranean during the glacial and post‐glacial period. We showed that the two Atlantic ecotypes established a narrow admixture zone in the Bay of Biscay during the last millennium, with highly asymmetric gene flow. This study highlights the impacts that climate change may have on the distribution and speciation process in pelagic predators and shows that allopatric divergence can occur in these highly mobile species and be a source of genetic diversity.