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Repeated landmass reformation limits diversification in the widespread littoral zone mosquito A nopheles sundaicus sensu lato in the I ndo‐ O riental R egion
Author(s) -
Zarowiecki Magdalena,
Linton YvonneMarie,
Post Rory J.,
Bangs Michael J.,
Htun Pe Than,
Hlaing Thaung,
Seng Chang Moh,
Baimai Visut,
Ding Trung Ho,
Sochantha Tho,
Walton Catherine
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
molecular ecology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.619
H-Index - 225
eISSN - 1365-294X
pISSN - 0962-1083
DOI - 10.1111/mec.12761
Subject(s) - biology , allopatric speciation , ecology , population , gene flow , sensu , vicariance , biological dispersal , pleistocene , phylogeography , zoology , genetic variation , phylogenetics , paleontology , genetics , gene , demography , sociology , genus
Southeast Asia harbours abundant biodiversity, hypothesized to have been generated by Pliocene and Pleistocene climatic and environmental change. Vicariance between the island of Borneo, the remaining Indonesian archipelago and mainland Southeast Asia caused by elevated sea levels during interglacial periods has been proposed to lead to diversification in the littoral zone mosquito A nopheles ( C ellia ) sundaicus ( R odenwaldt) sensu lato. To test this biogeographical hypothesis, we inferred the population history and assessed gene flow of A . sundaicus s.l. sampled from 18 populations across its pan‐ A sian species range, using sequences from mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ( CO 1 ), the internal transcribed spacer 2 ( ITS 2) and the mannose phosphate isomerase ( M pi ) gene. A hypothesis of ecological speciation for A . sundaicus involving divergent adaptation to brackish and freshwater larval habitats was also previously proposed, based on a deficiency of heterozygotes for M pi allozyme alleles in sympatry. This hypothesis was not supported by M pi sequence data, which exhibited no fixed differences between brackish and freshwater larval habitats. M pi and CO 1 supported the presence of up to eight genetically distinct population groupings. Counter to the hypothesis of three allopatric species, divergence was often no greater between B orneo, S umatra/ J ava and the S outheast A sian mainland than it was between genetic groupings within these landmasses. An isolation‐with‐migration ( IM ) model indicates recurrent gene flow between the current major landmasses. Such gene flow would have been possible during glacial periods when the current landmasses merged, presenting opportunities for dispersal along expanding and contracting coastlines. Consequently, Pleistocene climatic variation has proved a homogenizing, rather than diversifying, force for A . sundaicus diversity.