Geological events play a larger role than P leistocene climatic fluctuations in driving the genetic structure of Q uasipaa boulengeri ( A nura: D icroglossidae)

Paleoclimatic and paleogeological events have been identified as being the two main drivers of genetic structuring in extant organisms. We used a montane stream‐dwelling frog, Q uasipaa boulengeri , to explore the relative roles played by these drivers on species in southern C hina, a region needing thorough studies. We detected four major matrilines, and no broadly distributed haplotypes occurred. The complex orogenesis of south‐western China drove matrilineal divergence in Q . boulengeri into highly structured geographical units. These matrilines subsequently persisted in situ with stable populations rather than undergoing expansions during glacial cycling. The unification of the upper and middle Y angtze R iver in the Three Gorges mountain region mediated downstream colonization of this frog. Analyses identified geological events as playing a larger role than climatic fluctuations in driving the population history of Q . boulengeri . Nuclear allele analyses indicated gene flow; this maintained genetic cohesion of the species. S outh‐eastern S ichuan B asin was identified as the area of secondary contact for several matrilines, and this area deserves further study and special protection.