Immediate or early skin‐to‐skin contact after a C aesarean section: a review of the literature

The W orld H ealth O rganization and the U nited N ations I nternational C hildren's E mergency F und recommends that mothers and newborns have skin‐to‐skin contact immediately after a vaginal birth, and as soon as the mother is alert and responsive after a C aesarean section. Skin‐to‐skin contact can be defined as placing a naked infant onto the bare chest of the mother. C aesarean birth is known to reduce initiation of breastfeeding, increase the length of time before the first breastfeed, reduce the incidence of exclusive breastfeeding, significantly delay the onset of lactation and increase the likelihood of supplementation. The aim of this review is to evaluate evidence on the facilitation of immediate (within minutes) or early (within 1 h) skin‐to‐skin contact following C aesarean section for healthy mothers and their healthy term newborns, and identify facilitators, barriers and associated maternal and newborn outcomes. A range of electronic databases were searched for papers reporting research findings published in E nglish between J anuary 2003 and O ctober 2013. Seven papers met the criteria. This review has provided some evidence that with appropriate collaboration skin‐to‐skin contact during C aesarean surgery can be implemented. Further evidence was provided, albeit limited, that immediate or early skin‐to‐skin contact after a C aesarean section may increase breastfeeding initiation, decrease time to the first breastfeed, reduce formula supplementation in hospital, increase bonding and maternal satisfaction, maintain the temperature of newborns and reduce newborn stress.