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Investigating the origin and global dispersal history of hepatitis E virus genotype 4 using phylogeographical analysis
Author(s) -
Nakano Tatsunori,
Takahashi Kazuaki,
Takahashi Masaharu,
Nishigaki Yoichi,
Watanabe Naoki,
Ishida Satoshi,
Fujimoto Shino,
Kato Hideaki,
Okano Hiroshi,
Takei Yoshiyuki,
Ayada Minoru,
Tomita Eiichi,
Arai Masahiro,
Okamoto Hiroaki,
Mishiro Shunji
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
liver international
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.873
H-Index - 110
eISSN - 1478-3231
pISSN - 1478-3223
DOI - 10.1111/liv.12880
Subject(s) - biological dispersal , phylogeography , genotype , china , biology , geography , demography , molecular epidemiology , evolutionary biology , phylogenetic tree , genetics , population , gene , archaeology , sociology
Background & Aims Hepatitis E virus ( HEV ) genotype 4 has mainly been isolated from sporadic hepatitis cases and swine in Asian countries. We analysed the origin and global dispersal history of genotype 4 using a Bayesian phylogeographical approach. Methods The 412‐nucleotide sequences of open reading frame 2 of genotype 4 (47 Japanese, 40 Chinese, 1 Indian, 8 Indonesian, 1 Korean, 1 Taiwanese, 2 Danish and 2 Italian), of which sampling date and location were known, were collected. Evolutionary rate, divergence time, demographic growth and phylogeography were co‐estimated in the Bayesian statistical inference framework implemented in the BEAST package to model spatial dispersal on a time‐scaled genealogy. Results The most probable origin of genotype 4 was Japan and the time of origin was 1909 (95% highest posterior density, 1871–1940). Seven lineages of genotype 4 migrated from Japan to China. The analysis also showed the migration of genotype 4 from Japan or China to India and Indonesia and from China to Indonesia, Taiwan, Korea and a few European countries. Conclusions Swine trade between countries coincided with the migration time and direction of genotype 4 in some cases and was considered the primary cause of dispersal. However, there was no clear cause of dispersal for some cases, for which no records of pig trade were found. Future research should analyse additional nucleotide sequences paired with epidemiological data from various countries to improve our understanding of HEV dispersal.