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Antibacterial and antiviral evaluation of sulfonoquinovosyldiacylglyceride: a glycolipid isolated from A zadirachta indica leaves
Author(s) -
Bharitkar Y.P.,
Bathini S.,
Ojha D.,
Ghosh S.,
Mukherjee H.,
Kuotsu K.,
Chattopadhyay D.,
Mondal N.B.
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
letters in applied microbiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.698
H-Index - 110
eISSN - 1472-765X
pISSN - 0266-8254
DOI - 10.1111/lam.12174
Subject(s) - azadirachta , shigella dysenteriae , microbiology and biotechnology , antimicrobial , biology , salmonella typhi , minimum bactericidal concentration , antibacterial activity , minimum inhibitory concentration , escherichia coli , bacteria , biochemistry , genetics , horticulture , gene
Assessment of antibacterial as well as antiherpes virus activity of s ulfonoquinovosyldiacylglyceride ( SQDG ), a glycolipid, isolated from the leaves of A zadirachta indica has been described. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Gram‐positive, Gram‐negative bacteria and h erpes s implex v irus. SQDG showed significant inhibitory activity against S almonella typhi and two isolates of S higella dysenteriae with MIC values 32 μg ml −1 , while three isolates of S alm. typhi , E scherichia coli and V ibrio cholerae were inhibited at 64 μg ml −1 and have shown zone diameter ranging from 6·2 to 12·3 mm. The growth kinetics study of SQDG on S alm. typhi and S h. dysenteriae revealed that the growths were completely inhibited at their MIC values within 24 h of exposure. Interestingly, SQDG inhibits h erpes s implex v irus ( HSV ) type 1 and 2 with the EC 50 of 9·1 and 8·5 μg ml −1 , compared with acyclovir (2·2 and 2·8 μg ml −1 against HSV ‐1 and HSV ‐2). The selectivity index ( SI ) was found to be 12·4 against HSV ‐1 and 13·41 with HSV ‐2. Furthermore, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines of HSV ‐infected and SQDG ‐treated macrophages using ELISA kit revealed that SQDG significantly downregulated the production of TNF ‐α, IL ‐1β, IL ‐12 and IL ‐6. Significance and Impact of the Study The water‐soluble metabolite sulfonoquinovosyldiacylglyceride ( SQDG ) isolated from A zadirachta indica ( N eem) possess significant antibacterial as well as anti‐ HSV activity. The efficacies as well as the solubility factor of SQDG substantiate a greater attention for its use as phytotherapeutic drug for controlling microbial infections as most consumers have better acceptance of phytomedicines than synthetic drugs.