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Smartphone Use and Academic Performance: Correlation or Causal Relationship?
Author(s) -
Baert Stijn,
Vujić Sunčica,
Amez Simon,
Claeskens Matteo,
Daman Thomas,
Maeckelberghe Arno,
Omey Eddy,
De Marez Lieven
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
kyklos
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.766
H-Index - 58
eISSN - 1467-6435
pISSN - 0023-5962
DOI - 10.1111/kykl.12214
Subject(s) - instrumental variable , merge (version control) , ordinary least squares , psychology , correlation , positive correlation , standard deviation , applied psychology , econometrics , statistics , computer science , medicine , economics , mathematics , geometry , information retrieval
SUMMARY After a decade of correlational research, this study attempts to measure the causal impact of (general) smartphone use on educational performance. To this end, we merge survey data on general smartphone use, exogenous predictors of this use, and other drivers of academic success with the exam scores of first‐year students at two Belgian universities. The resulting data are analysed with instrumental variable estimation techniques. A one‐standard‐deviation increase in daily smartphone use yields a decrease in average exam scores of about one point (out of 20). When relying on ordinary least squares estimations, the magnitude of this effect is substantially underestimated. The negative association between smartphone use and exam results is more outspoken for students (i) with highly educated fathers, (ii) with divorced parents and (iii) who are in good health. Policy‐makers should at least invest in information and awareness campaigns of teachers and parents to highlight this trade‐off between smartphone use and academic performance.