Open AccessEmbodied Resources in Fish and Shrimp Feeds
Author(s) -
Chatvijitkul Sirirat,
Boyd Claude E.,
Davis D. Allen,
McNevin Aaron A.
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
journal of the world aquaculture society
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.655
H-Index - 60
eISSN - 1749-7345
pISSN - 0893-8849
DOI - 10.1111/jwas.12360
Subject(s) - biology , shrimp , aquaculture , fishery , ictalurus , catfish , polyculture , salmo , litopenaeus , penaeus monodon , nile tilapia , stocking , pangasius , zoology , fish farming , oreochromis , fish <actinopterygii>
Global averages were obtained for amounts of energy, land, water, wildfish, nitrogen, and phosphorus embodied in aquaculture feed ingredients. These data allowed amounts of these embodied resources to be calculated for typical feed formulations for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus ; hybrid catfish, I . punctatus ♀ × I . furcatus ♂; Vietnamese catfish, Pangasius spp.; Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar ; rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss ; tilapia, Oreochromis spp.; whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei ; and black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon . Embodied resource use per m.t. of feed varied among species: energy, 4.90–12.48 GJ /m.t.; land, 0.082–0.312 ha/m.t.; water, 502–1227 m 3 /m.t.; wildfish, 0–2880 kg/m.t.; nitrogen, 3.08–8.63 kg/m.t.; phosphorus, 1.16–5.62 kg/m.t. These calculations did not account for variations in site‐specific factors related to embodied resources and feed composition and use. But they suggest that reducing feed conversion ratio ( FCR ) by 0.1 unit for the seven species (species groups) could potentially reduce feed use by around 1.1 million tonne (Mt) while conserving 9.8 million GJ of energy, 270,000 ha of agricultural land, 1.4 billion m 3 of freshwater, and 1.24 Mt of wildfish. Reduction of the FCR is a powerful means of lessening farm‐level production costs and negative impacts of feed production and use.