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Population pharmacokinetics of itraconazole solution after a single oral administration in captive lesser flamingos ( Phoeniconaias minor )
Author(s) -
Sánchez Carlos R.,
Zalesak Selina,
Pich Ashley A.,
Papich Mark G.
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.527
H-Index - 60
eISSN - 1365-2885
pISSN - 0140-7783
DOI - 10.1111/jvp.12721
Subject(s) - itraconazole , pharmacokinetics , population , population pharmacokinetics , aspergillosis , pharmacology , nonmem , biology , medicine , chemistry , veterinary medicine , antifungal , immunology , microbiology and biotechnology , environmental health
Aspergillosis is an infectious, non‐contagious fungal disease of clinical importance in flamingo collections. Itraconazole is an antifungal drug commonly used in the treatment and prophylaxis of avian aspergillosis. Studies have shown that dosage regimes in birds vary based on different itraconazole presentation and administration methods. This investigation used a population pharmacokinetic approach to study itraconazole in lesser flamingos. Itraconazole was administered orally at 10 mg/kg to 17 flamingos. A sparse blood sampling was performed on the subjects, and samples were collected at 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 16, 21, and 24 hr post‐drug administration. Twelve flamingos were sampled three times, three birds bled twice and two sampled once. Itraconazole in plasma was quantified using high‐pressure liquid chromatography ( HPLC ). A one‐compartment pharmacokinetic model with first order absorption was fitted to the data using nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NLME) to determine values for population parameters. We identified a long half‐life ( T ½) of more than 75 hr and a maximum plasma concentration (C MAX ) of 1.69 µg/ml, which is above the minimal inhibitory concentrations for different aspergillus isolates. We concluded that plasma drug concentrations of itraconazole were maintained in a population of flamingos above 0.5 ug/ ml for at least 24 hr after a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg of itraconazole solution.