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Background  Babesiosis is an important cause of thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia in dogs.  Babesia vulpes , reported in European dogs and North American foxes, rarely has been reported in domestic North American dogs. Newly optimized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers facilitate more sensitive amplification of  B. vulpes  DNA.    Objectives  To determine the prevalence of  Babesia sp . infections in dogs being tested for Babesia infection, and to describe co‐infections and clinicopathologic abnormalities in  B. vulpes  positive dogs.    Animals  Dog blood or tissue samples (n = 9367) submitted to a diagnostic laboratory between June 2015 and June 2018 were tested using an optimized  Babesia  PCR assay.    Methods  Comprehensive canine vector‐borne disease diagnostic testing was performed on convenience samples.    Results   Babesia  sp. DNA was amplified from 269/9367 (2.9%) North American dogs.  Babesia  sp. infections included  B. gibsoni  monoinfection (157; 1.7%),  B. vulpes  monoinfection (19; 0.20%), and  B. gibsoni  and  B. vulpes  coinfection (29; 0.31%). Forty‐three of the 48 total  B. vulpes ‐infected dogs were American Pit Bull Terrier‐type breeds, of which 36 historically were involved with dog fights. Coinfections with  Mycoplasma ,  Dirofilaria immitis , or  Wolbachia  and coexposures to  Bartonella ,  Ehrlichia , and  Rickettsia  spp. were documented in  B. vulpes ‐infected dogs. Clinicopathologic data in  B. vulpes ‐infected dogs both with and without coinfections included anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and proteinuria.    Conclusions and Clinical Importance   Babesia vulpes  infection in domestic North American dogs is commonly found in conjunction with other coinfections, including  B. gibsoni  and hemotropic  Mycoplasma . Similar to  B. gibsoni , dog‐to‐dog transmission of  B. vulpes  may be a frequent mode of transmission.

Prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes infections in North American dogs