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A Systematic Review of Factors Impacting Suicide Risk Among Rural Adults in the United States
Author(s) -
Mohatt Nathaniel V.,
Kreisel Carlee J.,
Hoffberg Adam S.,
MPH Leah Wendleton,
Beehler Sarah J.
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
the journal of rural health
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.439
H-Index - 57
eISSN - 1748-0361
pISSN - 0890-765X
DOI - 10.1111/jrh.12532
Subject(s) - psycinfo , suicide prevention , poison control , medicine , injury prevention , occupational safety and health , medline , human factors and ergonomics , environmental health , cochrane library , rural health , rural area , gerontology , meta analysis , political science , pathology , law
Abstract Purpose Suicide rates continue to be significantly higher in rural compared to urban communities in the United States, with the suicide rate disparity continuing to grow since 1999. This systematic review synthesizes rural‐specific factors related to increased suicide risk. Methods OVID Medline, EMBASE, OVID PsycINFO, Web of Science, SocINDEX, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched for articles published after 2003 investigating rural adult suicide in the United States. Selection criteria were: (1) study participants > 18 years old; (2) included rural participants or communities; (3) included suicidal self‐directed violence outcomes; (4) within the United States; (5) published after 2003; (6) presented peer‐reviewed original data; (7) identified rural‐specific risk or protective factors for suicide or barriers to treatment. Findings Of the 1,058 records screened, 34 studies were included. The strength of evidence was relatively stronger for individual level factors including lethal means, alcohol and substance use. Conclusions Access to firearms is strongly related to elevated rural US suicide rates, with substance use, economic stress, and behavioral health care utilization as additional individual level factors that may contribute to the disparity. At the community level, economic distress and access to care were commonly identified factors. Future research should better quantify how risk factors contribute to rural suicide and examine interdependence across social‐ecological levels. Suicide prevention efforts for the rural United States must address access to lethal means, in particular the use of firearms, and navigate limited access to quality behavioral health care.