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Probiotics alter the immune response of gingival epithelial cells challenged by Porphyromonas gingivalis
Author(s) -
AlbuquerqueSouza Emmanuel,
Balzarini Danilo,
AndoSuguimoto Ellen S.,
Ishikawa Karin H.,
Simionato Maria R. L.,
Holzhausen Marinella,
Mayer Marcia P. A.
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
journal of periodontal research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.31
H-Index - 83
eISSN - 1600-0765
pISSN - 0022-3484
DOI - 10.1111/jre.12608
Subject(s) - porphyromonas gingivalis , microbiology and biotechnology , probiotic , immune system , multiplicity of infection , biology , viability assay , tumor necrosis factor alpha , chronic periodontitis , interleukin 8 , tlr2 , innate immune system , immunology , periodontitis , cytokine , cell culture , bacteria , medicine , virus , genetics
Background and Objective Although previous studies revealed the potential use of probiotics in the control of periodontitis, little is known about their interactions with gingival epithelial cells ( GEC s). Since GEC s comprise the first defense in the subgingival microenvironment, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria strains on OBA ‐9 cells challenged with Porphyromonas gingivalis . Methods Immortalized human GEC s ( OBA ‐9) were challenged with live P. gingivalis (strains W83 and ATCC 33277) and co‐infected with one of 12 tested probiotic strains at a multiplicity of infection ( MOI ) of 1:1000 for 2 hours. Bacterial adhesion and invasion were determined by antibiotic exclusion analysis and CFU counting. OBA ‐9 viability was assessed by MTT assay, and levels of inflammatory mediators ( TNF ‐α, IL ‐1β, and CXCL 8) in the supernatants were determined by ELISA . The expression of genes encoding Toll‐like receptors ( TLR 2, TLR 4) was evaluated by RT ‐ qPCR . Results Both strains of P. gingivalis were able to adhere and invade OBA ‐9 cells, with significant loss in cell viability, increase in the levels of TNF ‐α and IL ‐1β, and upregulation of TLR 4. However, co‐infection with probiotics attenuated these effects in P. gingivalis challenged GEC s. Most probiotics maintained OBA ‐9 viability and reduced pathogens adhesion and invasion. Furthermore, probiotics were able to adhere to GEC s, which was enhanced for most strains in the presence of P. gingivalis . The synthesis of IL ‐1β and TNF ‐α by P. gingivalis in challenged GEC s was reduced in co‐culture with most of the tested probiotics, whereas the secretion of CXCL 8 increased, and TLR 4 was downregulated. Conclusion Probiotics can alter the interaction of GEC s with P. gingivalis by modulating the pathogen's ability to adhere and invade these cells, as well as by regulating the innate immune response. Such properties are strain‐specific and may indicate the most efficient probiotics to control periodontitis.