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Detection of adrenomedullin and nitric oxide in different forms of periodontal disease
Author(s) -
Hussain Q. A.,
McKay I. J.,
GonzalesMarin C.,
Allaker R. P.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
journal of periodontal research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.31
H-Index - 83
eISSN - 1600-0765
pISSN - 0022-3484
DOI - 10.1111/jre.12273
Subject(s) - gingivitis , periodontitis , saliva , nitric oxide , inflammation , chronic periodontitis , connective tissue , pathology , nitric oxide synthase , medicine , immunology , chemistry , dentistry
Background and Objective The multifunctional molecules adrenomedullin ( AM ) and nitric oxide ( NO ) are both involved in the host response to microbial challenge during periodontal disease. Whether they coexist in periodontal inflammation and if equally produced in the different forms of periodontal disease has not previously been investigated. The aims of this study were to describe the locations of AM and NO in healthy and inflamed gingival tissues and to determine and compare their levels in the gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of patients with gingivitis, chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis. Material and Methods AM and inducible nitric oxide synthase (i NOS ) were immunolocalized in clinically healthy and inflamed gingival tissue sections. The cells expressing AM and i NOS were characterized using immunocytochemistry with different markers for macrophages [cluster differentiation ( CD) 68 and CD 14)], dendritic cells ( CD 83), neutrophils [neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (n GAL )] and natural killer cells ( CD 56). In an initial study, the levels of AM and NO were also measured in samples of gingival crevicular fluid and saliva obtained from patients with a diagnosis of gingivitis ( n = 9), chronic periodontitis ( n = 9) and aggressive periodontitis ( n = 9) using an ELISA and the nitrate/nitrite ( NO metabolites) G riess assay, respectively. Results Low levels of AM‐ and i NOS‐ expressing cells were detected in healthy gingival tissues in comparison with three‐fold higher levels of these cells in inflamed tissues. These cells were localized mainly in the epithelial layer but were also present in deeper connective tissue. AM and i NOS were co‐localized in particular cells within inflamed tissues, namely CD 68 + (52%) and CD 14 + (36%) macrophages, but also in n GAL + neutrophils (16%) and CD 83 + dendritic cells (14%). Interestingly, AM and NO levels in saliva were both found to be higher ( p < 0.01) in patients with aggressive periodontitis than in patients with chronic periodontitis or gingivitis. In contrast, in gingival crevicular fluid , the levels of NO showed marked differences among patients with chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis and gingivitis ( p < 0.01), and the levels of AM were higher ( p < 0.01) in both chronic and aggressive periodontitis compared with gingivitis alone. Conclusion The data presented demonstrate a functional linkage between AM and NO in periodontal disease, with salivary and gingival crevicular fluid levels possibly associated with different forms and severities of periodontal disease. Exacerbated production of both AM and NO in saliva suggests their potential use as salivary markers of aggressive periodontitis.