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Inhibition of interleukin‐17‐stimulated interleukin‐6 and ‐8 production by cranberry components in human gingival fibroblasts and epithelial cells
Author(s) -
Tipton D. A.,
Cho S.,
Zacharia N.,
Dabbous M. K.
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
journal of periodontal research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.31
H-Index - 83
eISSN - 1600-0765
pISSN - 0022-3484
DOI - 10.1111/jre.12050
Subject(s) - interleukin , cytokine , interleukin 8 , chemistry , grape seed extract , inflammation , immunology , microbiology and biotechnology , biology , andrology , medicine , pathology , alternative medicine
Background and Objective Gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts participate in periodontal inflammation and destruction, producing interleukin ( IL) ‐6, a regulator of osteoclastic bone resorption, and the neutrophil chemoattractant IL ‐8. IL ‐17, a product of T‐helper 17 cells, may play a role in periodontitis by stimulating cytokine production by gingival cells. The cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon ) is rich in polyphenols, particularly proanthocyanidins, which have antioxidant and other beneficial properties. Cranberry components inhibit pro‐inflammatory activities of lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated human macrophages, gingival fibroblasts, and epithelial cells, but little is known of its effects on IL ‐17‐stimulated cytokine production. The objectives were to determine the effects of IL ‐17 ± cranberry components on IL ‐6 and IL ‐8 production by human gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Material and Methods Cranberry high molecular weight non‐dialyzable material ( NDM ), which is rich in proanthocyanidins, was derived from cranberry juice. Human gingival epithelial cells and normal human gingival fibroblasts were incubated with NDM (5–50 μg/ mL ), IL ‐17 (0.5–100 ng/ mL ), or NDM + IL ‐17 in serum‐free medium for 6 d. IL ‐6 and IL ‐8 in culture supernatants were measured by ELISA . Membrane damage and viability were assessed by lactate dehydrogenase activity released into cell supernatants and activity of a mitochondrial enzyme, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Scheffe's F procedure for post hoc comparisons. Results In both cell lines, IL ‐17 (≥ ~5–10 ng/ mL ) significantly stimulated production of IL ‐6 ( p < 0.005) and IL ‐8 ( p < 0.03). Non‐toxic levels of NDM inhibited constitutive IL ‐6 and IL ‐8 production by epithelial cells ( p ≤ 0.01) and fibroblasts ( p ≤ 0.03) as well as IL ‐17‐stimulated cytokine production by epithelial cells [ IL ‐6 (maximum ~80% inhibition; p ≤ 0.0001); IL ‐8 (maximum ~70% inhibition; p ≤ 0.03)] and fibroblasts [ IL ‐6 (maximum ~90% inhibition; p ≤ 0.0001); IL ‐8 (maximum ~80% inhibition; p ≤ 0.008)]. Conclusion Cranberry NDM inhibition of constitutive and IL ‐17‐stimulated IL ‐6 and IL ‐8 production by gingival fibroblasts and epithelial cells suggests that cranberry components could be useful as a host modulatory therapeutic agent to prevent or treat periodontitis.