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In situ and ex situ imaging of plant extracellular vesicles as nanovectors for cross‐domain communication
Author(s) -
Kim Ki Woo
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
journal of phytopathology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.53
H-Index - 60
eISSN - 1439-0434
pISSN - 0931-1785
DOI - 10.1111/jph.13022
Subject(s) - biology , apoplast , vesicle , plant cell , microbiology and biotechnology , nucleic acid , plasmodesma , biophysics , membrane , extracellular vesicles , in situ , biochemistry , cell wall , cytoplasm , chemistry , organic chemistry , gene
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometric, lipid membrane‐bound vesicles released outside the cell. Plants have not been traditionally regarded to have EVs due to the presence of a cell wall. However, since the mid‐1960s, EVs have been reported in various plant species. They are often shown as vesicles in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) that later fuse with the plasma membrane (PM). Plant EVs have been commonly visualized using electron microscopy. Using membrane‐spanning domains, plant EVs can be fluorescence‐detected. They were observed near the infection sites in host tissues attacked by pathogens or at the interfaces with symbiotic fungi. Plant EVs could be taken up by bacteria and fungi. Proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, including small ribonucleic acids (RNAs), were found in plant EVs. Plant EVs have been isolated from the symplast and apoplast of various organs and purified after density gradient ultracentrifugation. Improved protocols and technologies for EV visualization provide a basis for the future applications of EVs in plant pathology.