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Independent and joint effects of prenatal maternal smoking and maternal exposure to second‐hand smoke on the development of adolescent obesity: A longitudinal study
Author(s) -
Wang Liang,
Mamudu Hadii M,
Alamian Arsham,
Anderson James L,
Brooks Billy
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
journal of paediatrics and child health
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.631
H-Index - 76
eISSN - 1440-1754
pISSN - 1034-4810
DOI - 10.1111/jpc.12667
Subject(s) - medicine , obesity , gee , odds ratio , generalized estimating equation , odds , offspring , pregnancy , breastfeeding , smoke , longitudinal study , pediatrics , obstetrics , logistic regression , statistics , mathematics , pathology , biology , meteorology , genetics , physics
Aim To examine associations of prenatal maternal smoking and second‐hand smoke ( SHS ) exposure with the development of adolescent obesity. Methods Longitudinal data (1991–2007) from N ational I nstitute of C hild H ealth and H uman D evelopment S tudy of E arly C hild C are and Y outh D evelopment involving mothers that smoked and or exposed to SHS during the year before birth were analysed. Adolescent obesity in ages 12.0–15.9 years was defined as a BMI ≥ 95th percentile. Generalised estimating equations ( GEE ) were used for the analyses. Results Obesity was more prevalent among adolescents whose mothers smoked or had SHS exposure than those that did not smoke or exposed to SHS . After adjusting for maternal and child factors, GEE models showed that odds of adolescent obesity increased with prenatal maternal smoking ( OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.03–2.39) and SHS exposure ( OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.04–2.27). The odds for obesity increased more than two times among adolescents exposed to both maternal smoking and SHS ( OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.24, 3.56) compared with those without exposure. Additionally, not breastfeeding, maternal obesity, and longer screen viewing hours per day were associated with increased odds of obesity. Conclusions There is possibly a long‐term joint effect of prenatal maternal smoke (smoking and SHS) exposure on obesity among adolescent offspring, and the effect is independent of birthweight. These findings suggest that adolescent obesity could possibly be curtailed with the development and promotion of smoking cessation programmes for families during the year before birth.