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Cell phone use is associated with an inflammatory cytokine profile of parotid gland saliva
Author(s) -
Siqueira Elisa Carvalho,
Souza Fabrício Tinôco Alvim,
Ferreira Efigênia,
Souza Renan Pedra,
Macedo Samuel Costa,
Friedman Eitan,
Gomez Marcus Vinícius,
Gomes Carolina Cavaliéri,
Gomez Ricardo Santiago
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
journal of oral pathology and medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.887
H-Index - 83
eISSN - 1600-0714
pISSN - 0904-2512
DOI - 10.1111/jop.12434
Subject(s) - saliva , cytokine , medicine , parotid gland , tumor necrosis factor alpha , interleukin , endocrinology , pathology , immunology
Background There is controversy on the effects of the non‐ionizing radiation emitted by cell phones on cellular processes and the impact of such radiation exposure on health. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether cell phone use alters cytokine expression in the saliva produced by the parotid glands. Methods Cytokine expression profile was determined by enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay ( ELISA ) in the saliva produced by the parotid glands in healthy volunteers, and correlated with self‐reported cell phone use and laterality. Results The following parameters were determined, in 83 Brazilian individuals in saliva produced by the parotid glands comparing the saliva from the gland exposed to cell phone radiation (ipsilateral) to that from the contralateral parotid: salivary flow, total protein concentration, interleukin 1 β ( IL ‐1 β), interleukin 6 ( IL ‐6), interleukin 10 ( IL ‐10), interferon γ ( IFN ‐γ), and tumor necrosis factor α ( TNF ‐α) salivary levels by ELISA . After multiple testing correction, decreased IL ‐10 and increased IL ‐1β salivary levels in the ipsilateral side compared with the contralateral side ( P < 0.05) were detected. Subjects who used cell phones for more than 10 years presented higher differences between IL ‐10 levels in ipsilateral versus contralateral parotids ( P = 0.0012). No difference was observed in any of the tested parameters in correlation with cell phone monthly usage in minutes. Conclusion The exposure of parotid glands to cell phones can alter salivary IL ‐10 and IL ‐1β levels, consistent with a pro‐inflammatory microenvironment that may be related to heat production.