Gene‐expression analysis of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2 and their tissue inhibitors in chronic periapical inflammatory lesions

Background Periapical inflammatory lesions have been investigated previously, but understanding of pathogenesis of these lesions (granulomas and radicular cysts) at the molecular level is still questionable. Matrix metalloproteinases ( MMP s) are enzymes involved in the development of periapical pathology, specifically inflammation and tissue destruction. To elucidate pathogenesis of periapical granulomas and radicular cysts, we undertook a detailed analysis of gene expression of MMP ‐1 , MMP ‐2 and their tissue inhibitors, TIMP ‐1 and TIMP ‐2 . Methods A total of 149 samples were analyzed using real‐time PCR (59 radicular cysts, 50 periapical granulomas and 40 healthy gingiva samples as controls) for expression of MMP ‐1 , MMP ‐2 , TIMP ‐1 and TIMP ‐2 genes. The determination of best reference gene for expression analysis of periapical lesions was done using a panel of 12 genes. Results We have shown that β‐actin and GAPDH are not the most stable reference controls for gene expression analysis of inflammatory periapical tissues and healthy gingiva. The most suitable reference gene was determined to be SDHA (a succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein [Fp]). We found that granulomas ( n  = 50) and radicular cysts ( n  = 59) exhibited significantly higher expression of all four examined genes, MMP ‐1 , MMP ‐2 , TIMP ‐1 , and TIMP ‐2 , when compared to healthy gingiva ( n  = 40; P  < 0.05). Conclusion This study has confirmed that the expression of MMP ‐1 , MMP ‐2 , TIMP ‐1, and TIMP ‐2 genes is important for the pathogenesis of periapical inflammatory lesions. Since the abovementioned markers were not differentially expressed in periapical granulomas and radicular cysts, the challenge of finding the genetic differences between the two lesions still remains.