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Predictors and incidence of post‐partum depression: A longitudinal cohort study
Author(s) -
Abdollahi Fatemeh,
Zarghami Mehran,
Azhar Md Zain,
Sazlina ShariffGhazali,
Lye MunnSann
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.597
H-Index - 50
eISSN - 1447-0756
pISSN - 1341-8076
DOI - 10.1111/jog.12471
Subject(s) - medicine , pregnancy , incidence (geometry) , depression (economics) , odds ratio , confidence interval , obstetrics , logistic regression , cohort study , gestation , cumulative incidence , cohort , genetics , physics , biology , optics , economics , macroeconomics
Aim This study was designed to identify the incidence and the related factors contributing to post‐partum depression ( PPD ) in women in I ran for the first time. Material and Methods A total of 2279 eligible pregnant women from 32–42 weeks of pregnancy to 12 weeks post‐partum (2009) who attended primary health centers in M azandaran province were screened for depression using the I ranian version of the E dinburgh P ostnatal D epression S cale. Pregnant women free from depression were assessed using validated questionnaires, including the P remenstrual S yndrome Q uestionnaire, S ocial S upport A ppraisal S cale, N etwork O rientation S cale, G eneral H ealth Q uestionnaire, M arital I nventory, L ife E vents R ating S cale and P arental E xpectation S urvey. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors of PPD . Results Of 1801 women who screened negative for depression at 32–42 weeks' gestation, cumulative incidence proportions were 6.7%, 4.3% and 4.5% during 0–2, >2–8 and >8–12 weeks post‐partum, respectively. The factors predictive of PPD were: history of depression during the first two trimesters of pregnancy (odds ratio [ OR ] = 2.55, 95% confidence interval [ CI ] = 1.59–4.1); psychiatric disorder during pregnancy ( OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.06–1.11); gestational diabetes ( OR = 2.93, 95% CI = 1.46–5.88); recurrent urinary infection ( OR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.44–3.52); unwanted pregnancy ( OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.69–3.7) and low household income ( OR = 3.57, 95% CI = 1.49–8.5). The risk was decreased with increasing age ( OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.84–0.92) and those with high self‐efficacy for mothering ( OR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.62–0.78). Conclusion A high rate of new cases of PPD was identified in I ranian women. A combination of psychological, sociological, obstetric and sociodemographic factors can render mothers vulnerable to post‐partum depression.