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Molecular cloning, epigenetic regulation, and functional characterization of Prkd1 gene promoter in dopaminergic cell culture models of Parkinson's disease
Author(s) -
Ay Muhammet,
Jin Huajun,
Harischandra Dilshan S.,
Asaithambi Arunkumar,
Kanthasamy Arthi,
Anantharam Vellareddy,
Kanthasamy Anumantha G.
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
journal of neurochemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.75
H-Index - 229
eISSN - 1471-4159
pISSN - 0022-3042
DOI - 10.1111/jnc.13261
Subject(s) - biology , chromatin immunoprecipitation , epigenetics , microbiology and biotechnology , promoter , dna methylation , regulation of gene expression , gene knockdown , dopaminergic , histone , gene expression , gene , dopamine , genetics , neuroscience
We recently identified a compensatory survival role for protein kinase D1 ( PKD 1) in protecting dopaminergic neurons from oxidative insult. To investigate the molecular mechanism of Prkd1 gene expression, we cloned the 5′‐flanking region (1620‐bp) of the mouse Prkd1 gene. Deletion analyses revealed that the −250/+113 promoter region contains full promoter activity in MN 9D dopaminergic neuronal cells. In silico analysis of the Prkd1 promoter uncovered binding sites for key redox transcription factors including Sp1 and NF ‐κB. Over‐expression of Sp1, Sp3, and NF ‐κB‐p65 proteins stimulated Prkd1 promoter activity. Binding of Sp3 and NF ‐κB‐p65 to the Prkd1 promoter was confirmed using chromatin immunoprecipitation. Treatment with the Sp inhibitor mithramycin A significantly attenuated Prkd1 promoter activity and PKD 1 m RNA and protein expression. Further mechanistic studies revealed that inhibition of histone deacetylation and DNA methylation up‐regulated PKD 1 m RNA expression. Importantly, negative modulation of PKD 1 signaling by pharmacological inhibition or sh RNA knockdown increased dopaminergic neuronal sensitivity to oxidative damage in a human mesencephalic neuronal cell model. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that Sp1, Sp3, and NF ‐κB‐p65 can transactivate the mouse Prkd1 promoter and that epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, are key regulatory events controlling the expression of pro‐survival kinase PKD 1 in dopaminergic neuronal cells.Previously, we demonstrated that protein kinase D1 (PKD1) plays a survival role during the early stage of oxidative stress in dopaminergic neuronal cells. Here, we cloned and characterized the mouse Prkd1 gene promoter. Our results suggest that Sp1, Sp3, and NF‐κB‐p65 transactivate the mouse Prkd1 promoter and that histone acetylation and DNA methylation play important roles in regulating Prkd1 expression in neuronal cells.