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DJ ‐1 deficiency triggers microglia sensitivity to dopamine toward a pro‐inflammatory phenotype that is attenuated by rasagiline
Author(s) -
Trudler Dorit,
Weinreb Orly,
Mandel Silvia A.,
Youdim Moussa B. H.,
Frenkel Dan
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
journal of neurochemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.75
H-Index - 229
eISSN - 1471-4159
pISSN - 0022-3042
DOI - 10.1111/jnc.12633
Subject(s) - microglia , neurotoxicity , dopaminergic , oxidative stress , nadph oxidase , rasagiline , nitric oxide , inflammation , chemistry , trem2 , monoamine oxidase , reactive oxygen species , dopamine , neuroinflammation , pharmacology , endocrinology , biology , medicine , immunology , parkinson's disease , biochemistry , toxicity , enzyme , disease
DJ ‐1 is an oxidative stress sensor that localizes to the mitochondria when the cell is exposed to oxidative stress. DJ ‐1 mutations that result in gene deficiency are linked to increased risk of Parkinson's disease ( PD ). Activation of microglial stress conditions that are linked to PD may result in neuronal death. We postulated that DJ ‐1 deficiency may increase microglial neurotoxicity. We found that down‐regulation of DJ ‐1 in microglia using an sh RNA approach increased cell sensitivity to dopamine as measured by secreted pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL ‐1β and IL ‐6. Furthermore, we discovered that DJ ‐1‐deficient microglia had increased monoamine oxidase activity that resulted in elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide leading to increased dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Rasagaline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor approved for treatment of PD , reduced the microglial pro‐inflammatory phenotype and significantly reduced neurotoxicity. Moreover, we discovered that DJ ‐1‐deficient microglia have reduced expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), previously suggested as a risk factor for pro‐inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Further studies of DJ ‐1‐mediated cellular pathways in microglia may contribute useful insights into the development of PD providing future avenues for therapeutic intervention.We postulated that DJ‐1 deficiency may increase microglial neurotoxicity to dopaminergic neurons. We discovered that DJ‐1‐deficient microglia had increased monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity that resulted in elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and pro‐inflammatory cytokines, leading to increased dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Rasagaline, an MAO inhibitor approved for treatment of PD, reduced the microglial pro‐inflammatory phenotype and neurotoxicity.