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Carbon and Water Footprints and Energy Use of Greenhouse Tomato Production in Northern Italy
Author(s) -
Almeida Joana,
Achten Wouter M.J.,
Verbist Bruno,
Heuts Reindert F.,
Schrevens Eddie,
Muys Bart
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
journal of industrial ecology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.377
H-Index - 102
eISSN - 1530-9290
pISSN - 1088-1980
DOI - 10.1111/jiec.12169
Subject(s) - environmental science , cogeneration , carbon footprint , greenhouse gas , incineration , waste management , carbon dioxide , environmental engineering , carbon fibers , electricity generation , chemistry , materials science , engineering , power (physics) , physics , organic chemistry , quantum mechanics , composite number , composite material , ecology , biology
Summary This study reports on the carbon, water, and energy footprints of tomatoes grown in a greenhouse in Northern Italy and two possible future variations of heating and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) fertilization on the current setup. The heat supply in place, consisting of natural gas (NG) and canola oil combustion, is compared to cogeneration and incineration of municipal solid waste for heating and CO 2 from industrial exhaust for fertilization. As a benchmark, the current system is also compared to a conventional system, in which heat is delivered solely based on NG. Each kilogram (kg) of fresh tomatoes (“Cuore di Bue” variety) produced in the current greenhouse emits 2.28 kg CO 2 equivalents (eq) and uses 95.5 megajoules (MJ) eq energy and 122 liters (L) of water. Relative to the system in place, the carbon footprint (CF) is 57.5% and 18% higher with conventional NG heating and cogeneration and is 40% lower with waste valorization. Further, 33%, 55%, and 63% less energy and 9%, 96%, and 14% less water are used in the conventional, cogeneration, and waste valorization scenarios, respectively. This confirms that there are multiple strategies to reduce the impact of the tomato production under consideration.