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Effects of subcutaneous injection of λ/κ‐carrageenin on the immune and liver antioxidant status of gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata )
Author(s) -
CamposSánchez José Carlos,
Guardiola Francisco A.,
García Beltrán José María,
CeballosFrancisco Diana,
Esteban María Ángeles
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
journal of fish diseases
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.819
H-Index - 85
eISSN - 1365-2761
pISSN - 0140-7775
DOI - 10.1111/jfd.13452
Subject(s) - catalase , mucus , biology , immune system , subcutaneous injection , superoxide dismutase , proinflammatory cytokine , endocrinology , antioxidant , medicine , sparidae , respiratory burst , inflammation , immunology , biochemistry , ecology , fishery , fish <actinopterygii>
This study investigated the acute inflammatory response induced by subcutaneous injection of carrageenin (1%) or phosphate‐buffered saline (control) in gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata ). Skin mucus, serum, head kidney (HK) and liver were sampled at 1.5, 3 and 6 hr post‐injection (p.i.) to determine the immune and antioxidant status of this fish species. The skin mucus of the carrageenin group showed increased superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities, lysozyme abundance, bactericidal activity against Vibrio anguillarum and Photobacterium damselae , and total immunoglobulins compared with those of the control group. However, the carrageenin‐injected fish sampled at 6 hr p.i. showed decreased protease activity in the skin mucus and peroxidase activity in the HK leucocytes compared with the control. Moreover, the carrageenin injection had no effects on the systemic immune system, but it reduced the liver catalase activities at both 3 and 6 hr in the carrageenin group relative to those in the control group. The expression levels of several proinflammatory and cell marker genes in the HK and liver were also determined. In the HK, the expression levels of interleukin‐1β and prostaglandin D synthase 1 were upregulated at 1.5 and 3 hr, respectively, in the carrageenin group compared with those in the control group. Contrarily, the expression of the NADPH oxidase subunit phox40 (an acidophilic granulocyte marker ) in the carrageenin group at 6 hr was downregulated compared with that in the control group. These results suggested that subcutaneous injection of κ/λ‐carrageenin in gilthead seabream triggered an acute skin inflammation characterized by the rapid recruitment of acidophilic granulocytes and the release of humoral mediators into the skin mucus.